"Conscious symmetrical repetition, while clearly creating perfect balance within a design"
From this statement, formal design is based on mathematics and absolute precision. They meet a checklist of things including balance, proportion, unity, repetition etc. to make the overall image look balanced and structured.
I was surprised to see online how often informal and formal design is used in relation to gardens. Professional gardeners actually use this design theory to create landscapes. Formal designs are precise and symmetrical around the centre of an axis. Vertical elements are introduced as well as accurate spacing between objects. In terms of gardens, water elements are often introduced in the form of a geometric shape to enhance the overall look.
http://www.idahofallswebdesign.net/archives/130
http://www.myhomemygarden.co.uk/garden-design/garden-styles/formal-informal.php
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